Home Mental Health AnxietySelective Mutism

Selective Mutism

13 Minutes

Edited & medically reviewed by THE BALANCE Team

Fact checked

CONTENTS

Selective mutism (SM) is a childhood anxiety disorder that prevents a child from speaking within certain contexts and social environments. This is despite being able to communicate normally in a setting where they feel relaxed and safe. This condition is not a choice to refrain from speaking, but rather, a severe form of social anxiety that restricts a person’s capacity to engage verbally.

Diagnosis involves a detailed assessment by mental health professionals, often using screening tools and checklists based on criteria outlined in diagnostic manuals such as the DSM-5.

Though less common, adults can also experience selective mutism, usually as a continuation of childhood SM or even as a condition that actively develops due to the stresses of life. Regardless, adult selective mutism is nevertheless treated similarly through a combination of psychotherapy and medication.

Selective mutism is defined as a consistent failure to speak in certain social situations despite the ability to speak in others. It is most commonly diagnosed in children but, as mentioned, it can persist into adulthood if untreated. This condition is often associated with high levels of social anxiety disorder and is considered a type of communication disorder.

Selective mutism is not about being shy. Those with the condition can usually speak normally in settings where they feel socially comfortable, such as at home with family. However, in more unfamiliar settings, they may be completely mute.

Children with selective mutism often exhibit:

Extreme shyness
Fear of social embarrassment
An overall reluctance to speak
Signs of other anxiety disorders, which can complicate their condition

It’s not uncommon for these children to face challenges in educational or occupational achievement due to their inability to speak in certain settings, such as school or work.

Speech and cognitive behavioral therapy may be beneficial, especially for those who have underlying speech or language disorders. In some cases, medication like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) may be recommended to help manage anxiety symptoms.

This condition is normally identified when a child starts school, around the age range of 2 to 4, and may persist if no intervention is given.

Significant risk factors for developing SM include:

Family history of anxiety disorders: Children with first-degree relatives who have anxiety disorders or SM themselves are more likely to develop the condition.

Children who experience traumatic events: This could be bullying, or family issues such as emotional or verbal abuse are at increased risk. Additionally, children who immigrate to a new linguistic environment may also be more susceptible due to the stress of adapting to a language they are not fluent in.

Children with other communication disorders: Such as stuttering or language comprehension issues, are also at higher risk for SM. Moreover, children who demonstrate high levels of social anxiety or exhibit traits of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) may also be predisposed to developing selective mutism.

To be classed as a disorder, the child must consistently exhibit a failure to speak in specific social settings over a period exceeding one month, not attributable to lack of knowledge of the spoken language or another communication disorder.

A significant number of children with selective mutism also suffer from social anxiety disorder. This can manifest as extreme shyness, fear of social judgment, and avoidance of situations where they are expected to speak. Such intense anxiety not only triggers selective mutism but can also lead to further complications like social isolation and depression if not addressed.

Language difficulties are common among children with selective mutism. Some may have underlying language disorders that exacerbate their anxiety in situations where spoken language is required, such as school or other public settings. In such cases, the pressure to communicate can intensify their fear, further entrenching their inability to speak.

As previously mentioned, the most common symptoms are:

Extreme shyness
Fear of social judgment
Avoidance of situations where they are expected to speak
Intense anxiety
Social isolation
Depression
Language difficulties

In all its forms, the disorder can coexist with social anxiety disorder and may impact educational or occupational achievement due to challenges in verbal and nonverbal communication.

Situational selective mutism: This type is the most common, where children speak freely in settings where they feel secure and comfortable but remain silent in more intimidating environments like schools or large gatherings. This form of selective mutism often co-occurs with social anxiety disorder, underlining the significant role that anxiety plays in this condition.

Progressive selective mutism: In some cases, what begins as shyness may escalate over time to selective mutism if early signs are not effectively addressed. The transition might be due to increasing demands for social interaction in new or challenging environments, exacerbating the child’s underlying anxiety disorders.

Selective mutism with speech or language disorders: Approximately 20-30% of children with selective mutism also experience speech or language disorders, which can add stress to situations where they are expected to speak, thereby intensifying the mutism. Addressing these accompanying disorders is crucial in the holistic treatment of selective mutism.

Transient selective mutism: Typically occurring after a traumatic event or major life change (like moving to a new school or country), this type usually resolves as the child adapts to the new environment or overcomes the initial trauma.

Selective mutism is often misunderstood, shrouded in myths that can obscure effective diagnosis and treatment. Here are some common myths debunked using the latest insights from the Selective Mutism Foundation and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM).

Myth 1: Selective mutism is just extreme shyness or social anxiety

While selective mutism is related to other anxiety disorders, including social anxiety, it is not a severe form of shyness. Children with this condition can engage in nonverbal communication and appear socially engaged even when they are not speaking. The anxiety experienced is specific to verbal communication in certain environments, which is a distinct criterion in the diagnostic process. Unlike general social anxiety, treating selective mutism often involves specialized behavioral therapy techniques tailored to encourage verbal expression in anxiety-inducing settings.

Myth 2: Selective mutism is a form of oppositional behavior

It’s a common misconception that children with selective mutism choose not to speak as a form of oppositional behavior. In reality, these children experience intense fear about speaking, not deliberate defiance. Family members and educators must understand that this is part of a complex mental disorder, not a behavioral choice. Effective approaches, such as behavioral therapy, focus on reducing anxiety and encouraging comfortable, gradual engagement in speaking.

Myth 3: Selective mutism affects only educational achievement

The impact of selective mutism goes beyond educational or occupational achievement; it can significantly affect a child’s ability to form relationships with other children and adults. This can lead to long-term social and emotional consequences if not addressed with appropriate intervention strategies, including treating children in a way that respects their unique challenges and needs.

Myth 4: Selective mutism is related to Autism Spectrum Disorder or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder

Although selective mutism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) can coexist, they are distinct conditions. Each has unique diagnostic criteria in the DSM, and conflating them can lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment strategies. For instance, the nonverbal communication patterns seen in ASD differ significantly from the selective non-responsiveness in selective mutism.

Myth 5: Treating selective mutism is just about getting the child to talk

Treating selective mutism involves more than simply encouraging a child to speak. Effective treatment plans, developed in collaboration with behavioral therapists, often include helping the child develop the ability to engage in verbal communication across different settings through gradual exposure and positive reinforcement. Moreover, involvement from family members and understanding from other children are crucial to support the child’s progress.

By addressing these myths, we can foster a more accurate understanding and effective management of selective mutism, improving the lives of those affected by this and other related mental disorders.

Trauma is a significant factor that can worsen or possibly trigger this condition.

Many children with selective mutism have experienced traumatic events that can intensify their inability to speak in specific settings, such as school or public spaces. These traumatic experiences could range from family turmoil to bullying or significant life changes like immigration, which might involve a shift to an unfamiliar language and culture. The impact of trauma activates the sympathetic nervous system, pushing the child into a heightened state of anxiety where speech becomes impossible—this is often misinterpreted as willful silence rather than a psychological inability to speak.

For older children, the stakes are higher as academic and social expectations increase, making the effects of selective mutism more pronounced and debilitating.

When dealing with a child diagnosed with SM there are specific actions and behaviors to avoid to ensure the child’s progress and well-being.

It’s important not to overlook the influence of extended family members who can either support or hinder the child’s progress. The child may respond differently around less familiar relatives, and these interactions should be handled sensitively, taking into account the child’s comfort and readiness to engage in social interactions.

Facial expressions and other non-verbal cues are significant for children with SM, who may rely heavily on them to communicate their feelings and responses. Misinterpreting these cues as disinterest or opposition can further discourage the child from engaging. Observing and understanding these non-verbal signals can provide insights into the child’s emotional state and needs.

Pressuring a child with SM to speak during social interactions can worsen their anxiety. It is important to create a supportive environment that encourages communication without forcing it. This involves being patient, allowing the child to initiate conversation at their own pace, and recognizing small steps of progress.

If a child is more comfortable with a language that differs from the one used in their current environment (such as a school where another language is spoken), it’s essential not to disregard this comfort zone. Ensuring that the child can use their primary language when possible can help ease communication barriers and reduce anxiety.

While medication, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), can be part of treating SM, it should be approached with caution and used only under direct supervision of a healthcare professional familiar with the disorder. Medication is generally considered when behavioral therapies have not achieved sufficient progress. The decision to use medication should be made carefully, considering potential side effects and the specific needs of the child.

Children with SM may also experience mood disorders, which can complicate the treatment of SM. It’s important not to neglect signs of mood disorders, as these can influence the child’s overall anxiety levels and response to treatment. Addressing all aspects of the child’s mental health is crucial for effective management.

Finally, do not underestimate the importance of working with a team of professionals. Collaboration with educators, speech-language pathologists, and mental health professionals who understand selective mutism can help develop a consistent and supportive approach across different settings. The Selective Mutism Association is an excellent resource for finding professionals experienced in dealing with SM.

By avoiding these common pitfalls, parents and caregivers can better support a child with selective mutism, helping them to overcome their challenges and improve their ability to function in social settings.

Behavioral therapy, particularly cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), is the key to treating selective mutism. These therapies are effective in addressing SM by gradually exposing the child to anxiety-inducing situations in a controlled and systematic way, thereby reducing anxiety over time and encouraging verbal communication. Techniques used include systematic desensitization, modeling, fading, and the use of positive reinforcements to facilitate engagement and speech.

In some cases, especially when SM is severe or persistent, medication might be recommended as a part of the treatment plan. Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) are commonly prescribed to manage underlying anxiety, helping to reduce symptoms of SM. These are generally used in conjunction with therapy to improve outcomes.

Speech-language pathologists can play a crucial role in the treatment of SM, especially when speech or language impairments coexist with the disorder. They work on improving pragmatic language skills and helping children overcome nonverbal communication habits, enhancing their ability to communicate effectively in varied social settings.

Educational achievement can be significantly impacted by SM, making support within school settings vital. Teachers and school counselors can implement strategies that accommodate a child’s needs, helping them engage more fully in classroom activities and with other children. Family involvement is also critical, as family members can reinforce techniques used in therapy at home and provide a supportive environment that encourages the child to practice new skills.

These treatment strategies highlight the multifaceted approach needed to effectively address selective mutism, ensuring the child can achieve better social and educational outcomes. Each case of SM may require a slightly different combination of these treatments, tailored to the child’s specific circumstances and needs.

Due to its intricate nature, the approach to treatment significantly impacts the outcomes. Luxury treatment options, which are typically more comprehensive and personalized, offer several advantages that can make them superior for managing selective mutism.

Luxury treatments for more complex speech disorders are designed not just to prompt speech but to build the confidence and skills necessary for the person in question to speak in various settings, which is crucial for a lasting impact.

Luxury treatments frequently offer early and intensive interventions, which are vital given that early treatment is significantly correlated with better outcomes.

Luxury treatment programs typically provide access to top specialists in the field, including experienced psychologists, speech therapists, and behavioral consultants. These experts use evidence-based practices tailored to the unique challenges of each case of selective mutism or any other complex disorder, significantly enhancing the quality and effectiveness of the treatment.

Luxury treatments often incorporate advanced therapeutic techniques, such as cognitive restructuring within cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), which helps address the root causes of a given disorder. These techniques are adapted for various ages and developmental stages, ensuring they are appropriate and effective for the individual.

Selective mutism. Cedars Sinai. https://www.cedars-sinai.org/health-library/diseases-and-conditions—pediatrics/s/selective-mutism.html
Complete guide to selective mutism. Child Mind Institute. https://childmind.org/guide/parents-guide-how-to-help-a-child-with-selective-mutism/

FAQs

Is selective mutism a form of autism?

Selective mutism is not a form of autism, though it can be challenging to distinguish between the two because they share some behavioral characteristics. Selective mutism is primarily an anxiety disorder characterized by a person’s inability to speak in certain social situations, despite being able to communicate in settings where they feel comfortable. Autism, on the other hand, is a broader developmental disorder that affects communication and behavior more consistently across different settings. People with autism might also display restricted interests and repetitive behaviors, which are not typical in selective mutism. While the two conditions can co-occur, they are distinct and require different approaches to diagnosis and treatment.

How do you fix selective mutism?

Treating selective mutism typically involves a combination of behavioral therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and in some cases, medication. Behavior therapy might include gradual exposure to speaking situations and using positive reinforcement. CBT helps the individual understand and manage the anxiety causing their mutism. Medications, like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), are sometimes used to reduce anxiety symptoms, allowing more effective participation in therapy.

Is selective mutism common in adults?

Selective mutism is primarily diagnosed in children, often before school age, and can persist into adulthood if not treated. While it is less frequently diagnosed in adults, those who continue to suffer from it typically experience symptoms that evolved from or were not fully addressed during childhood. In adults, these symptoms may resemble or coexist with other anxiety disorders, especially social anxiety disorder.

Will selective mutism ever go away?

Selective mutism can improve significantly with appropriate treatment, especially if addressed early. The prognosis is generally good for those who receive early and effective intervention, with many overcoming the condition to function normally in social and academic settings. However, without treatment, symptoms may persist into adulthood, often modifying into different or less severe forms of anxiety.

Is selective mutism the same as shyness?

Selective mutism and shyness are not the same. Selective mutism is a childhood anxiety disorder where a child is unable to speak in certain social situations despite having normal language skills. Shyness is a temperament that causes unease in social situations but does not typically prevent fundamental speech functions. Children with selective mutism often exhibit a consistent inability to speak in specific social settings, which significantly impacts their social and academic functioning.

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